2. Material and techniques

Data were collected using the WBQ tool from in the area of Athens, Greece from 473 individuals aged 16–86 (42 ± 18 years) (221 males) in summer and from 511 individuals aged 16–86 (38 ± 20 years) (245 males) in winter, stratified by age and sex according to the Hellenic Statistical Authority . All volunteers were informed on the objectives of the study and the procedures involved and signed an informed consent. The retrieved data were confidential, and the study followed the ethical considerations provided by The Code of Ethics of the World Medical Association (Declaration of Helsinki). The WBQ incorporates a semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire validated to record energy intake against three-day diaries (p < 0.001)>

Specifically, the WBQ will bring: (A) analysis into character of one’s fellow member; (B) recording out-of use towards the time of the earlier week regarding strong and you can water dining, water or products off a partial-decimal restaurants volume survey (FFQ) out of 58 ingredients verified to possess quoting opportunity consumption additionally the more sugar and you can honey that is placed into beverages; and you can (C) estimation regarding physical working out due to their the brand new Internationally Physical working out Survey (IPAQ) , and therefore information duration of exercise in the around three passion account (intense, average, lightweight take action) or inactive requirements. Brand new IPAQ has been verified in earlier times due to the fact a corner-national means to possess recording physical activity [20,21,22] and to guess times cost.

The energy and you can h2o posts of submitted products and you can products is actually examined using the Diet plan Research And additionally (Wadsworth Publishing Co Inc., Belmont, Ca, USA), which spends structure data about USDA National Mineral Databases and selected Greek items (we.elizabeth., mousakas, pastitsio, Greek yogurt, lentiles kidney beans soup, several Greek pies, souvlaki, stuffed tomatoes) . Centered on total time consumption and effort expense, energy equilibrium are examined as well.

Within analysis, “drinks” means fruits juices otherwise manufactured juice 100% as opposed to glucose articles, sugar-sweet drinks (SSDs) (fruits nectar with glucose, carbonated drinks which have sugar and effort/isotonic products), low-calorie carbonated drinks, beverage and you can organic infusions, whole milk (a myriad of milk, delicious chocolate milk and you will cocoa drink), milkshake and you can sherbets, coffee-and java products, and you will alcoholic drinks (alcohol, drink and all of form of alcohol). “Take in opportunity consumption (DEI)” means times intake out of drinks “overall energy intake (TEI)” so you can energy intake of all supply and you will “times intake from dishes” to time consumption away from solid and you may fluid delicacies (elizabeth.g., soups). The latest share of products groups so you can full times consumption (data out of Malisova mais aussi al. 2013), presented as complete intake of water (TWI), we.elizabeth., liquid out of products, liquids, strong and you may liquid items so when take in water intake (DWI), i.age., liquids out-of drinks and you will liquid.

3. Analytical Analysis

Email address details are demonstrated just like the imply ± sd to your generally delivered parameters and you can median (P25–P75) towards skewed of those. Normality is looked at by using the opportunities–probability area (P–P area) and you may histograms. Differences between men and women about your complete time consumption, time of products, time out of products, times costs, energy equilibrium, drinking habits, h2o off drinking water and you will products, drinking water from beverages, drinking water regarding h2o, drinking water regarding products, liquids loss and you can drinking water equilibrium have been analyzed with the independent try t-attempt towards generally speaking distributed variables and the Mann-Whittney U-take to towards the skewed of these. Similarly, differences between the fresh new five quartiles of time out-of products were reviewed for the that-method ANOVA F-take to to your generally delivered variables as well as the Kruskal-Wallis H Attempt to the skewed of those. Benefits peak is actually lay in the 5%. Correlations involving the share out-of beverages to help you water intake for the family members to help you times during the cold temperatures and you can summer was basically checked-out by the Pearson’s or Spearman’s correlation coefficients for typically marketed or imperative link skewed variables. The statistical analyses performed using PASW Statistics 18 (SPSS Inc, il, IL, USA).